By TOM RAUM
Associated Press Writer
When Michigan Gov. George Romney ran for the 1968 Republican
presidential nomination, his Mormon heritage was mostly a footnote. It
was scarcely mentioned in news accounts of the day. But for son Mitt
Romney, the family religion presents a formidable political hurdle.
The
younger Romney repeatedly is called on to defend his membership in the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its teachings,
encountering skepticism particularly from Christian conservatives, a
key component of the GOP base.
"I believe that there are some
pundits out there that are hoping I'll distance myself from my church
so that'll help me politically. And that's not going to happen," Romney
asserts.
Religion has not played so prominent a role in a U.S.
national election since 1960, when John F. Kennedy became the first
Catholic to be elected president.
And it's not only Romney under
scrutiny. All the Democratic and Republican presidential hopefuls have
been grilled on their religious beliefs. Most seem eager to talk
publicly about their faith as they actively court religious voters.
Democratic Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton emphasizes her Methodist upbringing and says her faith helped her repair her marriage.
Chief
rival Sen. Barack Obama frequently uses the language of religion and
proclaims a "personal relationship" with Jesus Christ. The Illinois
Democrat -- whose middle name is "Hussein" -- scoffs at suggestions of
Muslim leanings because he spent part of his childhood in Indonesia. He
is a member of the United Church of Christ.
In the most recent
Democratic debate, a pastor in a YouTube video asked Democrat John
Edwards to defend his use of religion to deny gay marriage. The former
North Carolina senator -- a Methodist -- talked about his faith and his
"enormous conflict" over the issue
Republican Sen. John McCain,
an Episcopalian, says, "I do believe that we are unique and that God
loves us." Former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee, an ordained Baptist
minister, emphasizes his belief that "God created the heavens and the
earth. To me, it's pretty simple."
Unlike the others, former New
York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, a divorced Roman Catholic who favors
abortion rights, sidesteps such questions, claiming one's relationship
with God is a private matter. But he attended Catholic schools and at
one point considered being a priest.
Clearly, the religious issue
is the most problematic for Romney. Polls suggest he faces continued
misgivings over his faith. An ABC News-Washington Post poll conducted
July 18-21 showed that 32 percent of those who said they leaned
Republican described themselves as "uncomfortable" with the idea of a
Mormon president.
An earlier poll by the Pew Research Center said
30 percent of respondents said they would be less likely to vote for a
candidate that was Mormon. The negative sentiment rose to 46 percent
for Muslim candidates and to 63 percent for a candidate who "doesn't
believe in God."
Pollster Andrew Kohut, Pew's director, said that
between the late 1960s, when Romney's father ran, and now there has
been "one of the great transformations of our era. There is more mixing
of religion and politics than there was then. As a consequence, people
scrutinize Mormonism -- or any other religion -- more closely than back
then."
He cites the growing influence of the Christian right, the
political activism of tele-evangelists and a trend that has seen a
steady migration of Christian conservatives into the GOP fold,
particularly in the South.
"When the South changed, it brought the evangelicals with it," Kohut said.
The
links between religion and governance intensified with the presidency
of George W. Bush, said Joan Konner, former dean of the Columbia
Journalism School. "He brought it up when he ran for office and he said
his favorite philosopher, in answer to a question in a debate, was
Jesus.
"And then he followed up on that by faith-based public
funding and various other actions that started to erode what Americans
took for granted as the separation between church and state," said
Konner, who has studied the interaction between religion and politics
and is the author of "The Atheist's Bible."
Scant mention was
made of George W. Romney's Mormonism in news accounts when he sought
the 1968 GOP presidential nomination, and it appeared to be a non-issue
in the race.
Polls showed him as the front-runner until he
stumbled by complaining to an interviewer that when he had visited
Vietnam, he had been "brainwashed" by military briefers there into
supporting the war. That remark generated enough controversy to cost
him the nomination.
Some historians suggest more attention might
have been paid to Romney's Mormonism if he hadn't torpedoed his own
candidacy so early. And in those days, many Christian conservatives
were southern Democrats and less interested in GOP primary contests.
Mitt
Romney supporters point to Kennedy, who overcame questions about his
religion to become the first Catholic elected president. He did that,
in part, by speaking before Protestant clergymen in Houston in 1960 to
dispel fears that, as a Catholic president, he would be subject to
direction from the pope.
Can Romney neutralize the religion issue
the same way Kennedy did -- by giving a major speech explaining the
role his Mormon faith plays in his political life?
In an
interview in Iowa with The Associated Press, Romney said he's
considering dealing with the issue in a comprehensive manner, although
"it's probably too early for something like that."
"At some point it's more likely than not, but we'll see how things develop," Romney said.
Kennedy
had one advantage that Romney doesn't. When he ran, Catholics made up
roughly 28 percent of the U.S. population. Although one of the fastest
growing faiths in the world, Mormons represent less than 2 percent of
the U.S. population with 5.5 million members across the country.
"The
differences between Kennedy and Romney are in the nose count," said
political historian Stephen Hess. "The religion issue may have hurt
Kennedy, but it sure helped him at the same time" as Catholics threw
their support behind him.
"There is no way that capturing the Mormon vote is going to win Romney anything," Hess said.